U.S. stocks closed broadly higher Monday, ending a three-day losing run, as a strong housing report reassured investors’ faith in the economy.  A weak dollar helped lift gold to another record high and sent shares of commodity-related companies higher.  Calls for central banks around the world to continue stimulus measures also hurt the dollar even as speculation grew that the Federal Reserve will keep interest rates at a record low.

On Monday, the 30-stock Dow Jones industrial average surged 132.79 points, or 1.29%, to 10,450.95.  The broad Standard & Poor's 500-stock index rose 14.86 points, or 1.36%, at 1,106.24 and the tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index jumped 29.97 points, or 1.40%, to 2,176.01. Trading volume was light, with NYSE volume less than 1 billion shares, as advancing shares outran decliners by a four-to-one margin.  Wall Street’s fear gauge, the CBOE Vix, plummeted 4.6% to 21.16.

Treasuries lost ground as investors’ risk appetite grew.  A number of analyst upgrades also helped shares yesterday and after the close Hewlett-Packard (NYSE:HPQ) came out with strong numbers and also announced plans to triple its repurchase plan.

Among the DJIA components, all but two gained, led by Verizon (NYSE:VZ), up 3.0%, AT&T (NYSE:T), up 2.9%, General Electric (NYSE:GE), up 2.9%, and Chevron (NYSE:CVX), up 2.6%.  A Barron's article suggested AT&T (NYSE:T) shares undervalued due to concerns its exclusive iPhone contract with Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) might not be extended next year; Verizon (NYSE:VZ) shares jumped shot up on hopes the exclusivity agreement might not be extended.  And Chevron (NYSE:CVX) shares gained from the dollar’s retreat.

All ten S&P 500 industry groups advanced, led by consumer services and telecommunications, both up 2.7%, oil and gas, up 1.6%, and industrial and tech shares, both up 1.5%.

Gold prices jumped to fresh highs yesterday, before giving up some ground to settle at $1164.70, up $17.90.  Meanwhile, the greenback dropped 0.7% to 75.13 against a basket of currencies.  This afternoon's FOMC meeting minutes will be scrutinised by investors for any evidence of a timing change for its asset purchase programs.  Such considerations are also key to the trajectory for gold pricing, viewed as an inflation hedge.

Earnings reports are due from Barnes and Noble (NYSE:BKS), Borders (NYSE:BGP), Dollar Tree (NASDAQ:DLTR), Heinz (NYSE:HNZ) and Hormel (NYSE:HRL).

Investors appear worried that the economy is not keeping up with the eight-month old rally in the stock market.  Disappointing outlook and grim economic data are further fueling concerns that markets are ripe for a pullback and a full-blown economic recovery would take time.

On Friday, the 30-share Dow Jones industrial average fell 14 points, or 0.1%, to close at 10,318.16.  The broader S&P 500 index closed 0.3% lower at 1091.38 and the tech-heavy Nasdaq finished the day at 2146.04, off 0.5%.  On the week, the Dow average managed to hang on to gains, registering a paltry 0.5% advance.  The S&P 500 and the Nasdaq fell 0.2% and 1%, respectively.  On the New York Stock Exchange, 1.1 billion shares exchanged hands, with declining issues ahead of those that advanced in price by a three-to-two margin.

Last week’s disappointing reports on housing and weak forecasts from technology companies had antsy investors swooping up safe haven investments like Treasury bonds and dollar.  The demand for safe havens also spiked after European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet remarked that the bank is planning to unwind some of its stimulus measures.  A higher dollar pushed crude prices lower and pressured stocks.

Nevertheless, at the center of the activity on the Wall Street is the ascending price of such physical assets as gold, which touched its fresh highs of $1146.80 on Friday, and a declining dollar.  The metal, although lacking fundamental valuation measures, has surged 29.7% so far this year.  Since India's central bank bought 200 tons from the IMF, the metal has jumped 11.5% on its dollar-alternative, safe-haven, inflation-resistant appeal.

Meanwhile, the decline in the US dollar has raised valuation expectations for the major industrial companies, with offshore sales expected to boost revenues.  Nevertheless, this week’s highlight remains today’s after-market-close earnings from Hewlett-Packard (NYSE:HPQ).  Last week the company preannounced strong quarterly numbers, anticipating record sales results of $30.36 billion, and earnings of $1.13, and also lifted its 2010 guidance.

Last week, the 1% decline in the technology shares came after weaker-than-expected guidance from two software companies, Autodesk (NASDAQ:ADSK) and Salesforce.com (NYSE:CRM), was compounded by disappointing numbers from Dell (NASDAQ:DELL).  Technology companies felt the heat after Dell (NASDAQ:DELL) reported quarterly earnings that were well below analysts’ expectations.  The company said sales of its computers to big businesses remain weak.  Shares in the company plunged 10% to $14.29.  So far in November, the NASDAQ has advanced 5%, and is up 36.1% year-to-date. 

The 0.2% pullback in S&P500 was caused by declines in oil and gas (-1.4%) and tech (-1.3%) sector shares that offset gains in health care issues (+1.5%) and basic materials (+1.2%).

The earnings calendar has slowed, but companies still due to report include: Campbell Soup (NYSE:CPB) on Monday; American Eagle (NYSE:AEO), Barnes and Noble (NYSE:BKS), Dollar Tree (NASDAQ:DLTR) on Tuesday, with Deere (NYSE:DE), J Crew (NYSE:JCG) and Tiffany (NYSE:TIF) on Wednesday.

U.S. stocks tumbled Thursday as concerns about a subdued economic recovery played in the minds of investors.  Safer bets like dollar strengthened and oil prices slumped.  As investors turned to safe havens, Treasury prices rose, sending corresponding yields lower.  Yields on three-month bills, considered one of the safest bets, turned negative for the first time since December.  A Bank of America Merrill Lynch downgrade of semiconductor industry also added to the downward pressure.     

The spike in bond prices came even as the Treasury announced plans to auction a record $118 billion in new notes next week – an auction schedule of $44 billion 2-year notes on Monday, $42 billion 5-year notes Tuesday, and $32 billion 7-year notes on Wednesday.

The Dow, which had plunged as much as 170 points during the session, ended down 93.87 points, or 0.9%, to 10,332.44.  The broader Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 14.90 points, or 1.3%, to 1,094.90, while the tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index dropped 36.32 points, or 1.7%, to 2,156.82.  Wall Street’s fear gauge, the CBOE Vix, jumped more than 4%.  Crude prices dropped $1.93 to $77.46. Gold prices rose to their fifth straight record close, up 70 cents to $1141.90.

As glimmers of a full-blown economic recovery fade, investors have increasingly become intolerant, locking in profits at every opportunity.  Also, a lack of conviction on part of the market to push beyond the current rally has been a dampener and concerns of an asset bubble build-up due to accommodative monetary policies have diminished risk appetites, sending daily average volume to levels of only about 1 billion.   

Nevertheless, to show not all is bad, the OECD raised its growth estimates for its 30-country members to 1.9% in 2010 from June's estimate of a 0.7% growth, and to a 2.5% GDP expansion in 2011.

Tech shares, already up 54.3% year-to-date, fell 1.7% Thursday, after Merrill's analyst slashed 2010 global growth targets, and downgraded ten companies in the semiconductor sector.  Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) shares fell 4.1%, and Texas Instruments (NYSE:TXN) retreated 3.4% after the downgrade.  Dell (NASDAQ:DELL) shares plunged 6.1% in premarket trading, after the company reported earnings that missed analysts’ projections.

Among the S&P 500 industry groups, energy producers, off 2.1%, were the biggest decliners.  ConocoPhillips (NYSE:COP) fell 1.9% and Chevron Corp. (NYSE:CVX) dropped 2% as crude prices fell for the first time in four days. Schlumberger Ltd. (NYSE:SLB) shares fell 3.3%.

U.S. stocks closed modestly lower Wednesday, after paring deeper losses, as weak housing data and grim outlook from tech companies fuelled worries about the economy.  Stocks struggled to stay near the 13-month high reached the prior session as jittery investors decided to book profits.  Gold prices rose for the fourth straight session.

The Dow, which had slid as much as 77 points in the morning trading, closed down 11.11 points, or 0.1%, to 10,426.31.  The broader S&P 500 index slipped 0.52, or 0.1%, to 1,109.80, while the Nasdaq, hurt by the weakness in tech shares, fell 10.64, or 0.5%, to 2,193.14.  Bond prices fell, pushing yields higher. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note rose to 3.37% from 3.33% late Tuesday.  Crude prices advanced 44 cents to settle at $79.58 per barrel.  Volume remained light, with only 1.063 billion shares trading on the NYSE, and declining issues ahead of advancers by an 8 to 7 margin.

Technology shares were under pressure after Autodesk Inc. (NASDAQ:ADSK) and Salesforce.com (NYSE:CRM) gave grim forecasts and BMO Capital Markets noted Research in Motion (NASDAQ:RIMM), the maker of Blackberry phones, faces increased pressure as consumers opt for cheaper phones.  However, shares in Sprint Nextel(NYSE:S) continued their forward run, jumping 6.7% after the previous session's 13% surge, on reports the company had paid off $1 billion in debt.

A weak housing report fuelled recovery concerns but shares in the sector managed to move higher after Citigroup (NYSE:C) raised Pulte Homes (NYSE:PHM) to “buy,” saying the shares are "undeservedly out of favor." Citigroup raised its price target on the firm to to $12 from $11.  DR Horton (NYSE:DHI) rose 1.9% and Ryland (NYSE:RYL) advanced 0.8%, while Toll Brothers (NYSE:TOL) fell 0.9%. 

Financials also helped stem the retreat as hedge fund operator John Paulson noted in a quarterly post to shareholders that Bank of America shares will reach $29.81 by the end of 2011.

Seven of the ten S&P500 industry sectors moved lower Wednesday.  Tech shares slipped 0.6%, followed by 0.5% declines in basic materials, industrials, and utilities, 0.4% drops in oil and gas, 0.2% retreat in consumer services, and a 0.01% fall in consumer goods.  Stemming the retreat in the sector were financials, up 0.8%, and telecommunications, up 0.2%.  In a quarterly post to shareholders, hedge fund operator John Paulson said he expects Bank of America (NYSE:BAC) shares to double over the next few years.

U.S. stocks closed higher for the second consecutive day, helped by strength in shares of commodity-related companies even as major retailers said they remain cautious ahead of the holiday season.  At the end of a session that lacked conviction, major stock indexes managed to reach their fresh 13-month highs.  A smaller-than-anticipated rise in industrial production also weighed on sentiments.

Waning risk appetites sent gold prices up 20 cents to a fresh all-time high of $1,139.40.  Treasuries rose, pushing corresponding yields lower.  The yield on the benchmark 10-year note slipped to 3.33% from 3.34% late Monday.  Crude prices closed above $79 per barrel.  Copper prices rose to 14-months highs on expectations that China demand will remain robust.

A perpetual decline in the value of the dollar and record low interest rates in the US have driven stocks higher as investors, seeking higher return on their investments, have sought refuge in equities.  A subdued inflation has also proved welcome for the economy. 

This morning’s stock futures show a mixed opening on the Street.  Dow Jones industrial average futures are down 2 points, or about 0.1%, at 10,396.  Standard & Poor's 500 index futures are up 0.10, or nearly 0.1%, at 1,107.50, while Nasdaq 100 index futures are down 5.50, or 0.3%, at 1.803.25.

On Tuesday, the 30-share Dow Jones industrial average rose 30.46 points, or 0.3%, to 10,437.42, its highest close since October 2, 2008.  The Dow had jumped 136 points Monday after the retail sales report.  The broad Standard & Poor's 500-stock index inched up 1.02 points, or 0.09%, at 1,110.32 and the tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index gained 5.93 points, or 0.27%, to 2,203.78.  Meanwhile, the price of US Treasuries continued to gain, with the 10-year up 7/32 as its yield eased to 3.323%.  On the New York Stock Exchange, volume slowed to 972,000 shares with declining shares ahead of advancing issues by an 8 to 7 margin. The Vix volatility measure fell 2.1% to 22.41.

Six of the ten S&P500 industry sectors managed gains yesterday, led by gains in basic material shares (+1.1%), technology (+0.5%), and telecommunications (+0.5%).  Consumer service shares (-0.4%), oil and gas (-0.2%), utilities (-0.2%) led on the downside, with industrials shedding 0.04%.

The US dollar gained against a basket of currencies yesterday in a delayed reaction to Fed Chairman Bernanke's remarks that the Fed is "attentive to implications of changes in the value of the dollar," as well as indications the Fed may be inching toward more restrictive policy measures as financial markets show signs of improvement.

A cautious holiday season guidance from major retailers such as Target (NYSE:TGT) and Home Depot (NYSE:HD) weighed on retail shares. Target (NYSE:TGT), down 3.0% on Tuesday, said average transaction size has dwindled in November, adding it sees lower fourth quarter same-store-sales.  Home Depot (NYSE:HD), off 2.4%, provided below-consensus fourth quarter guidance, saying its markets remain under pressure.  Ford (NYSE:F) shares, meanwhile, rose to their two-year high on news its Fusion hybrid was named Motor Trend's 2010 Car of the Year.

U.S. stocks surged to their 13-month highs Monday as a weaker dollar and a rebound in U.S. retail sales reinforced hopes that an economic recovery is indeed underway.  Stocks also got a boost after Fed chairman Ben Bernanke reiterated Fed’s intention to keep interest rates low for an extended period. 

Gold advanced 2% to fresh record highs; and the price of silver jumped 5.9%.  The initial gains in the equity prices followed strength in Asian markets yesterday.  Strength in Asia was partly helped by reports that said Japanese economy grew at its fastest pace in over two years, up 1.2% during the third quarter.  To add to the bullish mood in the region, leaders of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation promised to keep the stimulus measures in place.

On Monday, the 30-stock Dow Jones industrial average rose 136.49 points, or 1.33%, to 10,406.96. The broad Standard & Poor's 500-stock index was up 15.82 points, or 1.45%, at 1,109.30. The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index gained 29.97 points, or 1.38%, to 2,197.85.  On the New York Stock Exchange, 25 stocks were higher in price for every six that declined.

Bernanke warned of threatening headwinds from rising unemployment and tight credit but added comments supporting the government’s stimulus measures.  Yields on US Treasuries declined, with the yield on the 2-years touching its lowest since last January.  At session's end, Meredith Whitney questioned the fundamentals of the current stock market rally, and said she expected a double-dip recession next year.

Analysts, meanwhile, raised their ratings on number of firms.  Goldman Sachs (NYSE:GS) raised its rating on Nordstrom (NYSE:JWN) from "neutral" to "buy," saying the firm would be a "key beneficiary of a recovery in high-end consumer" demand.  Goldman's analysts also started their coverage on Dell (NASDAQ:DELL) with a "buy” rating, saying the company would benefit from the PC upgrade cycle.  JP Morgan's (NYSE:JPM) added US Steel (NYSE:X) and AK Steel (NYSE:AKS) to its focus list.

A number of key retailer results are slated for today's release, looked to for guidance on current consumer demand. Among companies reporting today are: Home Depot (NYSE:HD), Target (NYSE:TGT), TJ Maxx (NYSE:TJX), Saks (NYSE:SKS), Autodesk (NASDAQ:ADSK), and Salesforce.com (NYSE:CRM).

U.S. stocks rose Friday, for their second consecutive weekly advance, as upbeat earnings reports from a number of companies, including Walt Disney and JC Penny, spurred optimism that the economic recovery is gaining momentum.  A dip in the value of dollar, on concerns consumer spending is likely to remain bleak, sent shares of commodity-related companies up. 

On Friday, the 30-stock Dow Jones industrial average rose 73 points, or 0.72%, to 10,270.47. The broad Standard & Poor's 500-stock index was up 6.24 points, or 0.57%, at 1,093.48. The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index advanced 18.86 points, or 0.88%, to 2,167.88.  For the week the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index jumped 2.3% to 1,093.48.  The Dow average rose 247.05 points, or 2.5%, to 10,270.47, following its 3.2% advance the prior week.

The spike in commodities came after the greenback fell Friday on news that the trade deficit widened more than expected in September.  Commodities, which are priced in US dollar, benefit from a decline in the currency.

Nevertheless, the greenback's weakened status remains a foreign policy issue of contention, and is likely to weigh on President Obama’s tone in China.  Meanwhile, brushing aside concerns of potential asset bubbles in China, the Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, instead, cautioned the weak dollar "is boosting speculative investment in stock and property markets and will pose new, real and insurmountable risks to the global recovery and particularly to the recovery in emerging markets."

Treasury Secretary Geithner last week repeated the Administration's commitment towards a strong dollar; nevertheless, the impact of a weak dollar on improving American products' competitive positioning overseas markets is widely expected to help the sustainability of a fragile recovery in the US.

On Friday, the Walt Disney Co. (NYSE:DIS) said quarterly profit rose 18%, helped by higher revenue at its cable, broadcast and movie studio divisions.  Abercrombie (NYSE:ANF) reported better-than-estimated results, while J.C. Penney (NYSE:JCP) raised its earnings and revenue outlook, offsetting a lower-than-expected consumer sentiment post from the University of Michigan.

Among retailers reporting during the week are: Lowe's (NYSE:LOW) and Pacific Sunwear of California (NASDAQ:PSUN) today; Home Depot (NYSE:HD), Target (NYSE:TGT) and TJ Maxx (NYSE:TJX) on Tuesday; BJ's Wholesale (NYSE:BJ) and the Limited (NYSE:LTD) on Wednesday; Sears Holding (NYSE:SHLD), Gap (NYSE:GPS) on Thursday.

A busy Fed calendar includes today's comments from Bernanke; on Tuesday from Lacker, and Pianalto; on Thursday from Plosser, Fisher, Ghosn and Rattner; and on Friday from Plosser. Treasury Secretary Geithner speaks on Tuesday and Thursday.

A rebounding dollar and persisting worries about the economy kept investors on a wait-and-watch mode and stocks fell broadly as weakness in energy shares, precipitated by reports of flush U.S. reserves, weighed on sentiments.  In a broad based decline, major stock indexes fell about 1% from their 13-month highs. 

The strength in US dollar, based upon its safe-haven appeal, undermined investors' appetites for riskier, high-yielding assets such as equities as upside guidance from DJIA components Wal-Mart and Hewlett-Packard failed to stem the retreat.

The Dow Jones industrial average fell 94 points, or 0.9%, to close at 10,197.47.  The S&P 500 retreated 11 points, or 1%, to close at 1,087.24, after climbing to an intraday high of 1,101.97.  The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index retreated 18 points, or 0.8%, to settle at 2,149.02.  On the New York Stock Exchange, declining issues outpaced those that advanced in price by a four-to-one margin as volume slowed to 828 million shares.

Twenty-six of the thirty Dow average components ended lower, with energy and financial shares leading the decliners.  The CBOE Vix volatility gauge jumped 5.21% to 24.24.  Gold prices fell $8 to $1106.60. 

On the S&P 500, shares of financial companies were the second-steepest decliners among the 10 industry groups, falling 1.8%.  Bank of America (NYSE:BAC) dropped 2.3% to $16.06 and JPMorgan Chase (NYSE:JPM) fell 2.3% to $43.30.  Energy shares slumped 2% and led the decliners among 10 groups.  The falling shares wiped off an earlier advance in tech shares that was fueled by Hewlett-Packard Co.’s (NYSE:HPQ) takeover of 3Com Corp. (NASDAQ:COMS).

Meanwhile, the US Treasury said budget deficit widened to $176.4 billion in October, the largest October shortfall on record and the fifth largest monthly deficit ever.  Economists had expected a $150 billion shortfall.

With no economic reports on Wednesday and bond markets closed for the Veteran’s Day, Wall Street was witness to a quiet trading session, but stocks managed to inch higher on expectations interest rates would remain at a record low for some time.  Also, strong Chinese manufacturing and retail sales data lifted investor sentiments.  Gold prices touched an all-time high.  

The Dow Jones industrial average, which hit an intraday high of 10,341, advanced 44 points, or 0.4%, to close at 10,291.26. The S&P 500 added 6 points, or 0.5%, to close at 1,098.51, and the tech-laden Nasdaq composite rose 16 points, or 0.7%, to end the day at 2,166.90.  On the New York Stock Exchange, 19 stocks were higher in price for every 11 that declined

Nine of the ten S&P500 industry groups ended in the green, with financials (+1.3%), basic materials (+1.0%) and technology (+0.7%) leading the gainers.  Utilities fell 0.2%.  On the DJIA, Bank of America (NYSE:BAC) led the advancing issues as the firm’s CEO noted the integration of Merrill was running ahead of schedule, and will result in greater-than-anticipated cost savings in 2009.  Wal-Mart (NYSE:WMT) advanced 1.3% ahead of this morning's results.

Shares in home building companies rose after Toll Brothers (NYSE:TOL) said late Tuesday that signed contracts for new homes in its latest quarter jumped 42%.  Toll rose $3.02, or 16.4%, to $21.41.  Pulte Homes Inc. (NYSE:PHM) advanced 77 cents, or 8.1%, to $10.23, while Beazer Homes (NYSE:BZH) advanced 63 cents, or 12.4%, to $5.73.

Meanwhile, the greenback plunged to its lowest level since 2008 and ended the day just below $1.50 against the euro.  The steady decline in the greenback has been precipitated by continuing suggestions from the Fed that interest rates will remain low for an extended period as the recovery strengthens.  Across the globe, markets have interpreted this language as suggesting a mid-2010 timetable for raising rates. 

However, gold prices steered clear of wavering sentiment and hit an all-time high Wednesday at $1114.60 per troy ounce, up $12.10.  China reported greater-than-expected industrial output and retail sales, sending resource-related shares higher. Commodity prices also rose, with the broad-based, DJ-UBS index up 0.6% to 133.408. Crude prices gained, up 0.3% to $79.28.

Today's retailers' results will be an indication of consumers' appetites for goods.  Although the third quarter is seasonally slow, the current quarter numbers will be closely watched as the holiday season approaches.  Yesterday's reported loss at Macy's (NYSE:M) was less than anticipated; however, its raised fourth quarter guidance failed to meet expectations. Companies reporting results today include: Kohl's (NYSE:KSS), Nordstrom (NYSE:JWN), Urban Outfitters (NASDAQ:URBN) and another key consumer-driven firm, Disney (NYSE:DIS).
 

A day after the triple-digit rally, Wall Street paused for a breather as investors decided to book profits on a light trading day.  The markets opened lower and then swung between gains and losses amid prevailing caution after a series of disappointing results.  The Dow, nevertheless, managed to tack on 20 points for its fifth straight session gain.

The Standard & Poor's 500 Index shed 0.01%, to 1,093.01 and the technology-laden Nasdaq Composite Index slipped 2.98 points, or 0.14%, to close at 2,151.08.  On the New York Stock Exchange, three stocks declined in price for every two that rose.  Volume was light as only 990 million shares exchanged hands.

Record low interest rates and a sliding dollar have helped stocks in recent months as investors have taken their focus away from some of the persistent worries of the economy.  Also, with the Federal Reserve continuing its highly accommodative monetary stance and the G20 finance ministers pledging to keep economic stimulus in place, risk appetites have received a boost lately. 

Of the $81 billion in Treasury auction scheduled for this week, yesterday’s $25 billion sale of 10-year notes witnessed decent demand, following robust demand for the $40 billion in 3-year notes on Monday. Bond markets are closed today for Veterans Day.

Shipping company FedEx Corp. (FDX) yesterday said it expects to ship more than 13 million packages on December 14, its busiest shipping day of the year.  United Parcel Service Inc (NYSE:UPS) said it sees growth in its volumes next year as the global economy recovers.  American Express (NYSE:AXP) said cardholder spending grew in October, with billing up 3%.

Meanwhile, Bank of America's (NYSE:BAC) Ken Lewis noted his firm is "keeping its head above water" this year.  Bob Toll of Toll Brothers (NYSE:TOL) noted, "Home buyers began to emerge from their bunkers in late March 2009 and the market continued to gain momentum up to Labor Day.  Since then demand has been volatile. This may be due in part to typical seasonality, but the more likely cause is concern about unemployment and the overall economy."

A number of Fed speakers yesterday sung the tone of caution, while mostly agreeing on the fragility of the economic recovery.  Both Lockhart and Yellen warned unemployment rate may remain high for the next several years.  Rosengren warned that with high unemployment levels, the US economy is not yet in a position to warrant exit strategies.  This morning Treasury Secretary Geithner reiterated the importance of the dollar strength for the health of the US economy.